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The Battle of Hyderabad, also called The Battle of Dubba (or The Battle of Dubbo in contemporary references) was fought on 24 March 1843 between the British colonial empire and the Talpur Emirs of Sindh near Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. A small British force, led by Captain James Outram, who were attacked by the Talpur Balochis and forced to make a fort of the British residency, which they successfully defended until they finally escaped to a waiting river steamer. After the British victory at Meeanee (also spelt Miani), Sir Charles Napier continued his advance to the Indus River and attacked the Sindh Capital of Hyderabad. Hyderabad was defended by 20,000 troops under the command of Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur and Hosh Mohammad. Charles Napier with a force of only 6,000 men but with artillery support stormed the city. During the battle Hosh Mohammad was killed and his forces routed; Baluchistani resistance collapsed and Sindh came under British rule. ==Prelude== The British became involved in the region of Sindh in Pakistan (at that time India), under the authority of Lord Ellenborough. In 1809, The Amirs of Sindh signed a treaty of "perpetual friendship" with the British and establish a local representative in the city of Hyderabad. With this arrival of British influence within the region, the Amirs of the Sindh lessen their internal struggles and turn instead to face this foreign presence.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 111.〕 In 1838, the British representative has the Amirs sign a political residency treaty, allowing a British residency in the city of Hyderabad, which paves the way for further British involvement in the area. This same treaty also stipulated that the British would fix the differences held between the rulers of the Sindh and those of the Punjab.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 113.〕 Soon after, this would be taken a step further in the signing of a treaty pushed by the British that would allow British troops to be stationed permanently in the Sindh region for ‘the protection of the Amirs.’ The Amirs would also have to pay for a British resident in Hyderabad, who would negotiate all relations between the British and the Amirs.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 112.〕 The British maintained various policies among the different Amirs, so as to please each individual and divide them by dealing with them separately.〔 Captain James Outram was initially in charge of these dealings, and he made significant progress with the Amirs, who began confiding in him. As a result, Outram was able to attain power over the Amirs’ foreign policy as well as to station his troops in the province.〔 Tensions began to rise when the British, who were involved in the politics in Afghanistan at the time, started interfering in the internal affairs of the Amirs as well as asking them for land which the British desired.The British were supporting Shah Shujah Durrani to take the throne in Afghanistan.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 114.〕 The Amirs, however, resented this proposal, which added to their discontentment with the British occupations. The Amirs, refused to aid Shah Shujah in Afghanistan, and siding more with the Shah of Persia, angered the British.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 120.〕 These relations took a turn for the worse when allegations were made of the Amirs communicating with the Shah of Persia, a rival of Shah Shujah and the British. It was after this incident that the British made it clear to the Amirs of the Sindh that any further cooperation with any people other than the British would lead to their destruction and their loss of rule in the Sindh.〔 The distrust between the British and the Amirs of the Sindh continued to worsen, as both sides grew more and more suspicious of each other. Both sides continued on, feigning normality while both were aware of the other’s mistrust.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 116.〕 As a result of their distrust, the British began to keep a close eye on Noor Mohammed Khan, one of the most prominent Amirs, at his residence in Hyderabad.〔Wallis, ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849,'' p. 118.〕 In 1841, the British appointed Charles Napier for service in India at the age of 59. The following year Napier arrived in Bombay on 26 August. Upon his arrival he was told of the situation that existed between the British and the Amirs, and that the Amirs were making trouble for the British. On 10 September 1842 Napier arrived in the Sindh.〔Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 403–404.〕 Under Napier, British control saw some charity on their occupation of Sindh and the territory of the Amirs. There was a belief that the British were, in fact, improving life for many in the area, as they saw the Amirs as overly wealthy rulers over a poor people.〔Duarte,''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 405.〕 Napier was also very much of a mind to expand and tighten British control. Previously Outram had been in charge of negotiations between the British and the Amirs and had been very lenient towards the Amirs, which they appreciated greatly. Napier, on the other hand, not only longed for campaign, but was also very authoritarian with regards to the British rule in the area, and wanted to see full control by the British.〔Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 567.〕 Napier himself was charged by Ellenborough to look into the matter of the Amirs’ duplicity, to find evidence of their suspicious behaviour, and to compile it into a report which he would submit to Ellenborough.〔Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 565.〕 However, due to the fact that Napier was fresh to the Sindh and knew none of the language which would allow him to understand the pieces of alleged evidence against the Amirs, Napier was left with a difficult task.〔Moon, ''The British Conquest and Dominion of India,'' p. 565-566.〕 Napier’s 200-page report, once completed was submitted to Ellenborough, who received the report on November 3. The report was fairly inaccurate in its information about the Amirs, and Ellenborough sent his reply the day after as well as draft of a new treaty to be made with the Amirs.〔Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 408.〕 The speed of the reply, as well as the fact that it was accompanied by a drafted treaty, would indicate that Ellenborough had made his decision and the draft even before receiving Napier’s report.〔Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 409.〕 Ellenborough’s reply urged Napier to find convicting evidence of the actions of the Amirs - of which he had fairly little. His most incriminating piece of evidence was a letter supposedly written by the Amir, but which might easily have been a forgery, of which Napier was aware. As a result, Napier wrote to Ellenborough again, telling him of the small pieces of evidence that he had and asked for Ellenborough’s help in the situation. However, Ellenborough relied saying that he agreed with the verdict made by Napier - though he had not concretely insinuated one.〔Duarte, ''A History of British Relations with Sind, 1613–1843,'' p. 411.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Hyderabad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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